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Objective To conduct a survey on the status of noise hazards in Tianjin in 2020, to analyze the main distribution characteristics of noise hazards, and to put forward corresponding preventive and control measures. Methods A unified questionnaire was used to investigate the city-wide enterprises with more than 5 employees, normal production and operation, and noise hazards. The χ2 test was used to analyze the survey results. Results There were 8 560 enterprises with noise hazards, which were concentrated in the five outer suburban districts, the four districts around the city and the Binhai New Area, mainly small and medium-sized enterprises. Totally, 223 800 people were exposed to noise. The rates of noise hazard detection and physical examination of workers were 25.88% and 17.66%, and the rate of over standard detection and the rate of abnormal physical examination were 13.09% and 1.62%, respectively. The differences in noise detection rate, over standard detection rate and physical examination rate were significant in different administrative regions, enterprise scales and industries. The detection rate and physical examination rate of enterprises in the five outer suburban districts, micro-scale enterprises, and paper products industries were the lowest, while the rate of exceeding standards was the highest in the railway, shipping, aerospace and other transportation equipment manufacturing industries. Conclusion Noise is a common occupational hazard in enterprises in Tianjin. There are a large number of people who are exposed to noise. The detection rate and physical examination rate of noise are at a low level. Individual industries have a high rate of exceeding the standard. The current situation of noise hazard prevention and control is not optimistic. It is recommended to pay attention to it and take effective intervention measures.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infection among inpatients in a tertiary hospital， and provide scientific evidence for hospital infection control and targeted surveillance. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate a total of 543 hospitalized patients using the hospital information system. Results The prevalence of hospital-acquired infection （HAI） was 4.24%， and that of community-acquired infection （CAI） was 23.39%. HAI prevalence differed significantly among the departments （ χ 2=148.870， P <0.05）， and was highest in the department of intensive care medicine （72.73%）. Sites of infection were significantly different between HAI and CAI （ χ 2=22.942， P =0.011）； however， the most frequent site of infection was lower respiratory tract in both HAI and CAI. Major pathogens for nosocomial infection were Gram-negative bacteria （56.92%）， mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Antimicrobial usage was observed in 31.68% of the patients， principally for therapeutic use of antibacterial drugs （80.23%） and a combination of drugs （88.95%）. Examination rate of pathogens following the antimicrobial usage was 72.08%. Conclusion The investigation on the prevalence of nosocomial infection may facilitate fully understanding the nosocomial infection. It warrants strengthening the monitoring in the departments of intensive care medicine and on multi-resistant bacteria， and achieving antimicrobial stewardship， so as to improve the awareness of hospital infection control in medical staff' and effectively reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infection.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infection among inpatients in a tertiary hospital， and provide scientific evidence for hospital infection control and targeted surveillance. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate a total of 543 hospitalized patients using the hospital information system. Results The prevalence of hospital-acquired infection （HAI） was 4.24%， and that of community-acquired infection （CAI） was 23.39%. HAI prevalence differed significantly among the departments （ χ 2=148.870， P <0.05）， and was highest in the department of intensive care medicine （72.73%）. Sites of infection were significantly different between HAI and CAI （ χ 2=22.942， P =0.011）； however， the most frequent site of infection was lower respiratory tract in both HAI and CAI. Major pathogens for nosocomial infection were Gram-negative bacteria （56.92%）， mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Antimicrobial usage was observed in 31.68% of the patients， principally for therapeutic use of antibacterial drugs （80.23%） and a combination of drugs （88.95%）. Examination rate of pathogens following the antimicrobial usage was 72.08%. Conclusion The investigation on the prevalence of nosocomial infection may facilitate fully understanding the nosocomial infection. It warrants strengthening the monitoring in the departments of intensive care medicine and on multi-resistant bacteria， and achieving antimicrobial stewardship， so as to improve the awareness of hospital infection control in medical staff' and effectively reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infection.
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Background: Malaria is still the most important cause of morbidity-mortality in India. NVBDCP in urban areas is implemented through UHCs. In Gujarat, 89764 malaria cases were reported in 2011 with 127 deaths with 17.9% of them being the P. vivax (Pv) cases. Ahmedabad is at the receiving end of malaria menace due to its rapid growth. Compared to 2011, significant rise in number of Pv cases has been observed in Ahmedabad in 2012. Aims & Objective: The study was carried out to assess the Pv malaria detection modalities, relevant indices, existing radical treatment strategies and adherence to national guidelines in the urban areas of Ahmedabad. Material and Methods: Data of all 9 UHCs of south zone, catering total population of approximately 1 million and showing significant rise in Pv cases were verified clubbed with field analysis, for the corresponding quarters of March, April and May of two consecutive years–2011-2012. Concerned healthcare staff was interviewed. Guidelines and definitions of national anti-malarial guidelines and operational manual were followed. Process indicators for surveillance, case finding and disease burden were considered. Results: Out of total blood smears examined, Pv cases raised from 97 (2011) to 382 (2012). Statistically significant rise of Pv% was 0.35% and 2.79% in active and passive slide collection respectively. 71% slides were actively collected in both years. QBER rose from 1.50% to 2.41%. QPI rose from 0.12 to 0.39. Successful RT completion decreased from 59.8% to 29.1%. Knowledge regarding national-anti-malarial-guidelines was satisfactory in more than 70% of healthcare functionaries. Conclusion: Number of cases significantly increased in two years, Pv-positivity rise being 1.04%. Active slide collection is static. Rise in Pv-positivity should trigger improvement in the same. Average QBER and QPI rose in two years. QBER never reached prescribed levels. Successful RT-completion is the key towards drug-resistance and relapse prevention. Adherence to national-anti-malarial-guideline is imperative.
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PURPOSE: To investigate the fundus examination rate in diabetic patients and the public health factors associated with the fundus examination rate. METHODS: We analyzed the results of the third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We investigated the fundus examination rate in patients who had diabetes mellitus for more than 3 months during the previous year and determined the relationship of public health factors with the fundus examination rate. RESULTS: In all 547 patients (38.1%) received the fundus examination out of 1,437 total patients with diabetes mellitus. We found that many public health factors influenced the higher fundus examination rate, including patients who were residents in urban areas, women, office workers, university graduates, patients with a higher family income or more than 5 years duration of diabetes mellitus, patients with current insulin treatment, treatment of diabetes mellitus, education about diabetes mellitus, subjective visual problems or subjective health problems. However, age, marital status, health insurance and residential district did not influence the fundus examination rate. CONCLUSIONS: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is the largest health survey in Korea. This study is meaningful as a population-based study, not a clinic-based cross-sectional study and it suggests the basic data for improving the fundus examination rate in diabetes mellitus patients.